Low read current architecture for memory

ABSTRACT

A low read current architecture for memory. Bit lines of a cross point memory array are allowed to be charged by a selected word line until a minimum voltage differential between a memory state and a reference level is assured.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application. No. Ser.14/254,209, filed Apr. 16, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/252,934, filed Oct. 4, 2011 (U.S. Pat. No.8,737,151), which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 12/799,168,filed Apr. 19, 2010 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,031,545), which is a continuationof Ser. No. 11/881,500, filed Jul. 26, 2007 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,701,791),each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to sensing a signal in a memoryarray. More specifically, the present invention relates to sensing asignal in a two-terminal memory array.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Data storage in high-density memory devices can be accomplished using avariety of techniques. Often, the technique used depends on whether ornot the stored data is volatile or non-volatile. In volatile memorydevices, such as SRAM and DRAM, for example, stored data is not retainedwhen power is removed from the memory device. On the other hand, fornon-volatile memory devices, such as MRAM and Flash devices, stored datais retained when power is removed from the memory device.

Resistive state memory devices are a promising new type of non-volatilememory in which data is stored in a memory element as a plurality ofresistive states. A first resistive state can represent a logic “1” anda second resistive state can represent a logic “0”. The first and secondresistive states can be set by applying a write voltage of apredetermined magnitude, polarity, and duration across the memoryelement during a write operation. For example, voltage pulses can beused to write a logic “1” and a logic “0”, respectively.

In either case, after data has been written to the memory element,reading the value of the stored data in the memory element is typicallyaccomplished by applying a read voltage across the memory element andsensing a read current that flows through the memory element. Forexample, if a logic “0” represents a high resistance and a logic “1”represents a low resistance, then for a constant read voltage, amagnitude of the read current can be indicative of the resistive stateof the memory element. Therefore, based on Ohm's law, the read currentwill be low if the data stored is a logic “0” (e.g., high resistance) orthe read current will be high if the data stored is a logic “1” (e.g.,low resistance). Consequently, the value of the stored data can bedetermined by sensing the magnitude of the read current.

In high density memory devices, it is desirable to pack many memorycells in a small area in order to increase memory density and datastorage capacity. One factor that can have a significant impact onmemory density is the number of terminals that are required to access amemory element for reading or writing. As the number of terminalsrequired to access the memory element increases, device area increaseswith a concomitant decrease in areal density. Most memory technologies,such as DRAM, SRAM, and some MRAM devices, require at least threeterminals to access the core memory element that stores the data.However, in some memory technologies, such as certain resistance basedmemories, two terminals can be used to both read and write the memoryelement.

An array of two terminal memory elements can include a plurality of rowconductors and a plurality of column conductors and each memory elementcan have a terminal connected with one of row conductors and the otherterminal connected with one of the column conductors. The typicalarrangement is a two terminal cross-point memory array where each memoryelement is positioned approximately at an intersection of one of the rowconductors with one of the column conductors. The terminals of thememory element connect with the row and column conductors above andbelow it. A single memory element can be written by applying the writevoltage across the row and column conductors the memory element isconnected with. Similarly, the memory element can be read by applyingthe read voltage across the row and column conductors the memory elementis connected with. The read current can be sensed (e.g., measured)flowing through the row conductor or the column conductor.

One challenge that arises from a two-terminal configuration is thatmemory elements that share a row or column conductor with the memoryelement being read will also have a potential difference across theirrespective row and column conductors. The adjacent memory elements canbe referred to as half-selected memory elements. The potentialdifference across the terminals of half-selected memory elements cancause half-select currents to flow through those memory elements. Thehalf-select currents are additive and can be considered as a leakagecurrent that occurs during a read operation. In a high density memorydevice, the number of memory elements in an array can be severalthousand or more. During a read operation to a selected memory elementin the array, the half-select currents from half-selected memoryelements in the same row or same column as the selected memory elementcan vastly exceed the magnitude of the read current flowing through theselected memory element. The read current can be considered to be asignal and a magnitude of that signal is indicative of a data value ofthe data stored in the selected memory element. On the other hand, theleakage current can be considered to be noise that masks the readcurrent signal. Therefore, in a large array, a signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) of the read current to the leakage current is low. A low S/N ratiocan make it difficult to distinguish between the read current and theleakage current. Consequently, the low S/N ratio makes it difficult todetect an accurate value for the stored data.

There are continuing efforts to improve accuracy in reading data and inincreasing S/N ratios in memory arrays having leakage current.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an integrated circuit 100 that performsmemory functions;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the memory array circuitry depicted inFIG. 1A during a single-cell read;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cross point array during a single-cellwrite;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an exemplary cross point arrayconfiguration that includes memory elements electrically coupled with asense amplifier in the peripheral circuitry;

FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary memory array reduced to a simple RC(resistor/capacitor) network;

FIG. 3C depicts a voltage-time graph of the response of the RC networkdepicted in FIG. 3B;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting an exemplary high-latency crosspoint array;

FIG. 5 depicts an current-voltage (I-V) graph of an exemplary memoryelement, with which may be used to populate the cross point array;

FIG. 5A depicts a block diagram representing the basic components of oneembodiment of a memory element;

FIG. 5B depicts a block diagram of the memory element of FIG. 5A in atwo-terminal memory cell;

FIG. 5C depicts a block diagram of the memory element of FIG. 5A in athree-terminal memory cell;

FIG. 6A depicts a voltage-time graph of an exemplary reference voltagein relation to an exemplary “1” cell voltage band and an exemplary “0”cell voltage band; and

FIG. 6B depicts a voltage-time graph of the margin between the exemplaryreference voltage and the worst-case scenarios of the “1” cell voltageband and the “0” cell voltage band.

Although the previous drawings depict various examples of the invention,the invention is not limited by the depicted examples. The depictionsare not necessarily to scale. Like elements are identified with likereference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. Itwill be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present inventionmay be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In otherinstances, well known elements and process steps have not been describedin depth in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presentinvention.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an integrated circuit 100 that performsmemory functions. Memory array circuitry 105, 110, 115, and 120, whichare typically fabricated on a semiconductor substrate 125, arecomponents of the integrated circuit 100. Memory array circuitry 105-120includes arrays of memory cells and associated peripheral circuitry. Abus 130 connects the memory array circuitry 105-120 to input pads 132and output pads 134. Input pads 132 and output pads 134 are connected toinput pins 135 and output pins 140 through interconnects 144, such aswire bonding. Input and output pins 135 and 140 are typically part of alead frame 142 that enables the semiconductor substrate 125 to adhere toa form factor requirement of a system.

An input signal from a system that wants to access the memory on theintegrated circuit 100 enters the lead frame 142 through input pins 135,where the signal is electrically communicated by interconnects 144 tothe input pads 132. The bus 130 carries the input signal to the memoryarray circuitry 105, 110, 115, and 120. The memory array circuitry105-120 produces an output signal, which is carried by bus 130 to outputpads 134. The output signal is then electrically communicated byinterconnects 144 to output pins 140.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the memory array circuitry 105 depicted inFIG. 1A during a single-cell read. The memory array circuitry 105includes a cross point array 145, which has a number of x-directionarray lines 150, a number of y-direction array lines 155, a number ofmemory cells 175, an x-direction decoder 160, a y-direction decoder 165,and sensing circuitry 170. In a typical cross point array 145, thex-direction array lines 150 and the y-direction array lines 155 arepreferably oriented substantially perpendicular to each other. Moreover,the x-direction array lines 150 can be positioned above or below they-direction array lines 155. The array lines need neither be equal innumber nor be proportional in lengths to that of the present depiction.

The cross point array 145 includes a number of memory cells 175, eachcontaining a memory element 172. In a typical cross point array, eachmemory element 172 is positioned at an intersection of a singlex-direction array line 150 with a single y-direction array line 155 andis electrically coupled with its respective array lines. Each memoryelement 172 is selected for a data operation (e.g., a read or writeaccess) by applying a signal to its respective array lines. The crosspoint array 145 is a type of memory array that is generally suitable formemory cells 175 that can be accessed with only two terminals. Memoryarrays that require more than two terminals require more area for therouting of additional array lines and typically have different layoutrequirements that cannot be met with cross point arrays. Cross pointarray 145 can be a single layer of memory cells or a stacked cross pointarray that includes multiple layers of memory cells that are stackedupon each other. For example, the multiple layers can be verticallystacked along a z-axis. Memory cells in a stacked cross point array caneither be electrically isolated from its vertically adjacent layers orcan share array lines.

The x-direction decoder 160 and the y-direction decoder 165 transformcontrol signals into signals usable by the cross point array 145. Thesensing circuitry 170, usually designed to perform signal amplification,is electrically coupled with the y-direction array lines 155 and isoperative to output signals to the bus 130.

Input signal(s) entering the memory array circuitry 105 typically firstgo through the x-direction decoder 160 and the y-direction decoder 165via bus 130. The decoded signal(s) then enter cross point array 145,where the signal(s) access appropriate memory cell(s) 175 through thex-direction array line(s) 150 and the y-direction array line(s) 155.Sensing circuitry 170 detects at least one signal and generates anoutput signal to the output pads 134 via bus 130.

In FIG. 1B, a single memory cell 175 is selected using a selectedx-direction array line 185 and a selected y-direction array line 180(both depicted in heavy line). The selected memory cell 175 includes aselected memory element 172. In the depicted embodiment, the x-directionarray line 185 is energized to approximately −2 V by a voltage sourceand the y-direction array line 180 is energized to approximately +2 V byanother voltage source. A current flows through the selected memoryelement 172. The sensing circuitry 170 detects the current, performs theappropriate amplification of the current, and generates the outputsignal that is indicative of a binary value of “0” or “1”. Although notshown, a page mode access can be accomplished by energizing ally-direction array lines 155 at approximately +2 V and simultaneouslysensing the signals on each y-direction array line 155. The actualmagnitudes of the voltages used on the selected x-direction 185 andy-direction 180 array lines will depend upon the specifications of crosspoint array 145 and memory element 172. Similarly, differentarchitecture will use different or alternating polarities.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cross point array 145 during asingle-cell write. Each selected memory cell 230 includes a selectedmemory element 235, which is located at the intersection of a selectedx-direction array line 205 and a selected y-direction array line 215.The remaining x-direction array lines 210 and the remaining y-directionarray lines 220 are unselected. For example, the array lines 210 and 220can be electrically coupled to a ground potential. Ground is defined asany baseline reference voltage and is commonly 0V. For clarity, FIG. 2does not show unselected memory elements located at the intersections ofthe unselected x-direction array lines 210 and the unselectedy-direction array lines 220.

In the depicted embodiment, a +3 V (or −3V) voltage source energizes theselected x-direction array line 205 and a −3 V (or +3V) voltage sourceenergizes the selected y-direction array line 215. Consequently, thememory cell 230 is a selected memory cell (and the memory element 235 isa selected memory element). A voltage source coupled with the selectedx-direction array line 205 can apply a voltage potential of +3V (or −3V)and the voltage source coupled with the selected y-direction array line215 can apply a voltage potential of −3V (or +3V). The resultingpotential difference across the selected memory element 235 can be,depending upon the specifications of the memory element, sufficient totrigger the memory element 235 to switch states, thereby performing awrite operation. It should be noted that a leakage current can flowthrough unselected memory elements.

Additionally, the data value written to the selected memory element 235can depend on the magnitude and polarity of the voltages applied to thearray lines 205 and 215. Using the example above, if the voltage appliedto the selected x-direction array line 205 is +3 V and the voltageapplied to the selected y-direction array line 215 is −3 V, then, forsome memory elements, a binary “1” would be written to the selectedmemory element 235. On the other hand, if the voltage applied to theselected x-directional array line 205 is −3 V and the voltage applied tothe selected y-directional array line 215 is +3 V, then a binary “0”would be written to the selected memory element 235. Memory elementsusing different materials, having different properties and/or beingarranged differently could require higher or lower voltages and/oropposite polarities. For some embodiments, modifying magnitude andduration of the applied voltage will also produce intermediate valuessuch as a binary value of “00,” “01,” “10” or “11. The process, althoughnot shown, can be designed to simultaneously write to multiple memoryelements. One method, the “two-cycle write,” writes all the “1”s in onecycle and all the “0″s in another cycle.

Further description of one possible memory element can be found in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/095,026, filed Mar. 30, 2005, and titled“Memory Using Mixed Valence Conductive Oxides,” Published U.S.Application No. 2006/0171200, hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety and for all purposes. The application describes non-volatilethird dimension memory cells that can be arranged in a cross-pointarray. The application explains that a two terminal memory element canchange conductivity when exposed to an appropriate voltage drop acrossthe two terminals. The memory element includes both a mixed ionicelectronic conductor and a layer of material that has the bulkproperties of an electrolytic tunnel barrier (properties of anelectronic insulator and an ionic conductor). A voltage drop across theelectrolytic tunnel barrier causes an electrical field within the mixedionic electronic conductor that is strong enough to move oxygen ions outof the mixed ionic electronic conductor and into the electrolytic tunnelbarrier. Movement of oxygen causes the memory element to change itsconductivity. Referring back to FIG. 5A, the electrolytic tunnel barrier505 will typically be between 10 and less than 50 angstroms. If theelectrolytic tunnel barrier 505 is much greater than 50 angstroms, thenthe voltage that is required to create the electric field necessary tomove electrons through the memory element 500 via tunneling becomes toohigh for most electronic devices. Depending on the electrolytic tunnelbarrier 505 material, a preferred electrolytic tunnel barrier 505 widthmight be between 15 and 40 angstroms for circuits where rapid accesstimes (on the order of tens of nanoseconds, typically below 100 ns) insmall dimension devices (on the order of hundreds of nanometers) aredesired. Fundamentally, the electrolytic tunnel barrier 505 is anelectronic insulator and an ionic electrolyte. As used herein, anelectrolyte is any medium that provides an ion transport mechanismbetween positive and negative electrodes. Materials suitable for someembodiments include various metal oxides such as Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂ andZrO₂. Some oxides, such as zirconia might be partially or fullystabilized with other oxides, such as CaO, MgO, or Y₂O₃, or doped withmaterials such as scandium. With standard designs, the electric field atthe tunnel barrier 505 is typically high enough to promote tunneling atthicknesses between 10 and 50 angstroms. The electric field is typicallyhigher than at other points in the memory element 500 because of therelatively high serial electronic resistance of the electrolytic tunnelbarrier 505. The high electric field of the electrolytic tunnel barrier505 also penetrates into the ion reservoir 510 at least one Debyelength. The Debye length can be defined as the distance which a localelectric field affects distribution of free charge carriers. At anappropriate polarity, the electric field within the ion reservoir 510causes ions (which can be positively or negatively charged) to move fromthe ion reservoir 510 through the electrolytic tunnel barrier 505, whichis an ionic electrolyte. The ion reservoir 510 is a material that isconductive enough to allow current to flow and has mobile ions. The ionreservoir 510 can be, for example, an oxygen reservoir with mobileoxygen ions. Oxygen ions are negative in charge, and will flow in thedirection opposite of current.

Other resistive state memory devices can be used to implement the memoryelements and the present invention is not limited to the above describedoxygen ion transport memory element. Other resistive random accessmemory (RRAM) devices that are configured to change resistive states inresponse to write data operations, whether by application of writevoltages or write currents, can be used to implement the memoryelements. Write signals (e.g., write voltages or write currents) may beapplied as pulses (e.g., uni-polar or bi-polar). Example RRAMtechnologies include phase change memory (PCM) devices, conductivebridge (CBRAM) memory devices, MEMRISTOR memory devices, memristivememory devices, filamentary RRAM devices, memory devices that utilizemobile metal ion transport and/or motion to change resistive states,non-MRAM memory devices that utilize at least one tunnel oxide layer orat least one tunnel barrier layer (e.g., at least one tunneling layer)in conjunction with at least one other layer of material (e.g., an ionreservoir) that is in contact with or is electrically in series with thetunneling layer, just to name a few. The memory elements can be singlelevel cells (SLC) that store only one-bit of data or can be multi-levelcells (MLC) that store at least two-bits of data.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an exemplary cross point arrayconfiguration that includes memory elements electrically coupled with asense amplifier 350 in the peripheral circuitry. In this depiction, across point array 300 has one selected x-direction array line 305(depicted in heavy line), 1023 unselected x-direction array lines 310, ay-direction array line 320 (depicted in heavy line) that is held atapproximately 0 V, and memory cells 330. Each memory cell 330 includes amemory element 335, which is placed at the intersections of one of thex-direction array lines (305, 310) and the y-direction array line 320.Although not depicted, the array 300 may include additional y-directionarray lines which might or might not be sensed simultaneously.

A reference voltage V_(REF) is electrically coupled with one of theinputs of the sense amplifier 350 and the voltage applied to they-direction array line 320 is electrically coupled with another input ofthe sense amplifier 350. The memory element 330 may include a non-ohmicdevice, as described in “High Density NVRAM,” U.S. application Ser. No.10/360,005, filed Feb. 7, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,917,539,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.The non-ohmic device exhibits a very high resistance for a certain rangeof voltages and a very low resistance for voltages outside that range. Avariable resistance of the memory element 335 on the selectedx-direction array line 305 is denoted as R. Current will flow from theselected x-direction array line 305 to the y-direction array line 320,which is initially charged to the unselected word line potential(“precharged”), which is about 0 V. In a preferred embodiment, they-direction array line 320 floats from ground to a voltage much lessthan the read voltage on the selected x-direction array line 305(depicted as 1 V in FIG. 3A), but greater than 0 V. In such anembodiment, a small amount of current will flow from the y-directionarray line 320 to the unselected x-direction array lines 310.

FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary memory array 300 reduced to a simple RC(resistor/capacitor) network. In order for the sense amplifier 350 toproduce a useful output with an acceptable access time, prior arttechniques would require a difference of at least 50 mV between areference voltage (V_(REF)) and the y-direction array line 320 voltage(V_(BIT LINE)). Assuming R for a “1” is about 100 kΩ and R for a “0” isabout 1 MΩ, then the unselected memory elements can be represented as acapacitor (for the intrinsic capacitance) and a single resistor havingthe value of R/1023 (since there are 1023 unselected lines in FIG. 3A).The combined value of R/1023 will have a maximum value when all of theunselected lines are “0” and a minimum value when all of the unselectedlines are “1”. Y-direction array line 320 will have an associatedcapacitance, which can have an exemplary value of 1 pF. If the exemplaryresistance is 100 kΩ for a “1” state, the initial current charging theassociated capacitance is 10 μA (1 V/100 kΩ). If the exemplaryresistance is assumed to be 1 MΩ for a “0” state, the initial currentcharging the associated capacitance is 1 μA(1 V/1 MΩ). The rate ofchange of y-direction array line 320 voltage is determined by currentdivided by capacitance (I/C). To reach 100 mV the time required for amemory cell in the “1” state would be 10 μs, which can be derived from[(100 mV)×(1 pf)/10 μA]. Since the rate of change of y-direction arrayline 320 voltage is higher with higher current, rate of change can beused to determine the memory cell's state. This is depicted in FIG. 3C,which is a voltage-time graph of the response of the RC network depictedin FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting an exemplary high-latency crosspoint array 400. The cross point array 400 includes a selectedx-direction array line 410 (depicted in heavy line), a number ofunselected x-direction array lines 420, a number of y-direction arraylines 415 (depicted in heavy line), and a number of memory cells 430.Each memory cell 430 includes a memory element 450, which is positionedat the intersection of one of the x-direction array lines (410, 420) andone of the y-direction array lines 415.

In this depiction, the selected x-direction array line 410 is energizedby a voltage source at 2 V while the unselected x-direction array lines420 are grounded at approximately 0 V. The magnitude and polarity of thevoltage potentials applied to the array lines (410, 415, and 420) willbe application and material dependent. The y-direction array lines 415are precharged to the same voltage as the unselected x-direction arraylines 420 (approximately 0 V). A current I_(SEL) flows through eachselected memory element 450 that is positioned at the intersection ofthe selected x-direction array line 410 and the y-direction array lines415. As the y-direction array lines 415 are charged by the selectedx-direction array line 410, another current I_(UNSEL) flows through theunselected memory elements 450 positioned at the intersection of one ofthe unselected x-direction array lines 420 and one of the y-directionarray lines 415. In the configuration depicted, I_(SEL) is typicallymuch higher than I_(UNSEL). In a preferred embodiment, all the I_(UNSEL)together (Σ□I_(UNSEL)) flowing from a single y-direction array line 415is less than I_(SEL) from that y-direction array line 415. Since R (seeFIG. 3A) can be representative of a “0” or a “1”, I_(SEL) flowingthrough each memory element 450 along the selected x-direction arrayline 410 need not be equal in magnitude. Likewise, I_(UNSEL) flowingthrough each memory element 450 along the unselected x-direction arraylines 420 need not be equal in magnitude.

Multiple y-direction array lines 415 can be read simultaneously toattain a faster read rate. In such a multi-sensing read, the totalcurrent on the selected x-direction line 410 is the sum of the currentson all of the memory elements 450 located along the selected x-directionline 410. Generally, current density of array lines increases withnarrower width of array lines. However, technological issues such aselectromigration can become a significant hindrance to the reliabilityof the integrated circuit if current density exceeds a desirable limit.Because narrow width of array lines is advantageous in increasing theareal density of the array 400, it is preferable to read the memoryelements 450 at a low total current in order to keep current densitylow. Furthermore, arrays with lower currents have lower powerconsumption and lower heat dissipation.

FIG. 5 depicts a current-voltage (I-V) graph of an exemplary memoryelement 450, with which may be used to populate the cross point array400. As can be seen on the graph, the memory element 450 produces anon-linear I-V curve 510 whereas an ideally resistive device produces alinear I-V curve 520. Accordingly, the resistance of memory element 450is a non-linear function of the voltage applied across the memoryelement 450. It is possible to achieve a much lower current at lowvoltage inputs by using a memory element 450 that has a non-linearresistance as a function of applied voltage rather than by using alinear resistive element.

As shown in FIG. 4, a voltage of 2 V generates a current I_(SEL) throughthe memory elements on the selected x-direction array line 410, and the100 mV applied to the y-direction array lines 415 generates a currentI_(UNSEL) through memory elements 450 on the unselected x-directionarray lines 420. The ratio of I_(SEL) to I_(UNSEL) can reachapproximately 1,000,000 for the configuration depicted in FIG. 4. It isgenerally desirable to obtain as high a ratio as possible for I_(SEL) toI_(UNSEL). Because of the nonlinear nature of the memory element, anI_(SEL) to I_(UNSEL) ratio can be substantially higher than an I_(SEL)to I_(HALF-SEL) ratio.

FIG. 6A depicts a voltage-time graph of an exemplary reference voltage(V_(REF)) 630 in relation to an exemplary “1” cell voltage band 610 andan exemplary “0” cell voltage band 620. The voltage detected by eachsense amplifier 460 (see FIG. 4) is a result of all the voltage dropsalong its y-direction array line 415. If the memory cell 430 is in the“1” state, then the sense amplifier 460 could receive a voltage anywherewithin the “1” cell voltage band 610. Precisely where the voltage willfall within the band will depend on the individual states of theunselected memory cells. Similarly, if the memory cell 430 is in the “0”state, then the sense amplifier could receive a voltage anywhere withinthe “0” cell voltage band 620, depending on the states of the unselectedmemory cells. The shape of each band will, of course, depend on thespecific features of the memory cells that are used. The depictedreference voltage 630 assumes a column of reference cells programmed toa mid-point between a “0” state and a “1” state, as described in “TwoTerminal Memory Array Having Reference Cells,” U.S. application Ser. No.10/895,218, filed Jul. 11, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,817,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

In other embodiments, a reference cell can be programmed to a point thatis anywhere between a “0” state and a “1” state, that is, at some pointthat is not a mid-point. Therefore, reference cell can be programmed toa point that is greater than the lowest resistance value and less thanthe highest resistance value. For example, the resistive state of thereference cell can be a weighted average of the “0” state and a “1”state, a percentage of the “0” state, or a percentage of the “1” state.Assuming R for a “1” (e.g., an erased state) is about 100 kΩ and R for a“0” (e.g., a programmed state) is about 1 MΩ, then a mid-point could beapproximately 550 kΩ. As one example, a percentage of the “0” state canbe approximately 80% of the resistance for the “0” state (e.g.,1MΩ×0.8). As another example, a percentage of the “1” state can beapproximately 40% of the resistance for the “1” state or 100 kΩ×0.4.

FIG. 6B depicts a voltage-time graph of the margin between the exemplaryreference voltage 630 and the worst-case scenarios of the “1” cellvoltage band 610 and the “0” cell voltage band 620. The worst-casemargin between “0” cell and reference voltage 640 is the profile derivedfrom a selected cell in the “0” state and 1023 unselected cells in the“1” state subtracted from a column of 1024 cells in a “reference” state(550 kΩ). Similarly, the worst-case margin between “1” cell andreference voltage 650 is the profile derived from a selected cell in the“1” state and 1023 unselected cells in the “0” state subtracted from acolumn of 1024 cells in the “reference” state. If the sense amplifiers460 (see FIG. 4) require a minimum voltage differential of 50 mV, then acomfortable sensing window 660 would be between 40 μs and 340 μs,limited by the “1” cell margin 650. If desired, those skilled in the artcan optimize the reference voltage 470 such that a different sensingwindow 660 is derived. A sensing window (the time period where a minimumvoltage differential between a memory state and a reference level isassured) depends upon design choices that include the type of memorycell that is being used, the type of sense amp being used, whatreference level is used, etc.

Referring back to FIG. 4, the selected x-direction array line 410 (whichcan be considered a word line) is energized to an appropriatex-direction read voltage, the unselected x-direction array lines 420 arebrought to ground and the y-direction array lines 415 (which can beconsidered a bit line), initially at ground, is allowed to float forsome time within a sensing window. The sense amplifiers 460 then outputa signal to a register 480. Depending on width of the bus, a multiplexer490 may then be used to ensure the output has the correct size. Forexample, if the output width is 8 bits, and if there are 1024y-direction array lines 415, then the multiplexer 490 would output 128bytes from the register 480. It should be appreciated that while thelatency of the system would be relatively high due to the sensingwindow, once the register 480 was full, the throughput from the registerto the bus would be very fast, limited only by the width of the bus andthe cycle speed.

Although the invention has been described in its presently contemplatedbest mode, it is clear that it is susceptible to numerous modifications,modes of operation and embodiments, all within the ability and skill ofthose familiar with the art and without exercise of further inventiveactivity. Accordingly, that which is intended to be protected by LettersPatent is set forth in the claims and includes all variations andmodifications that fall within the spirit and scope of the claim

1. (canceled)
 2. An integrated circuit, comprising: a plurality of bitlines; a plurality of word lines; a plurality of re-writeablenon-volatile resistive state memory elements, each memory elementpositioned at an intersection of one of the word lines with one of thebit lines; word line circuitry to apply a first voltage to one of theplurality of word lines and to apply a second voltage to a remainder ofthe plurality of word lines, wherein the word line having the firstvoltage applied to it is a selected word line and the word lines havingthe second voltage applied to them are un-selected word lines; areference cell comprising a first terminal electrically coupled with areference bit line and a second terminal electrically coupled with theselected word line; and sensing circuitry coupled to the plurality ofbit lines and the reference bit line, the sensing circuitry to: sense avoltage change of a bit line of the plurality of bit lines using a senseamplifier, wherein the sense amplifier is coupled to the reference bitline and the bit line of the plurality of bit lines; and output readdata indicative of the current on the bit line of the plurality of bitlines, responsive to sensing the voltage change of the bit line of theplurality of bit lines.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 2, whereinthe sensing circuitry comprises a plurality of sense amplifiers and thereference cell is electrically coupled to each sense amplifier of theplurality of sense amplifiers.
 4. The integrated circuit of claim 2,further comprising a plurality of additional reference cells, eachreference cell comprising a first terminal electrically coupled with areference bit line and a second terminal electrically coupled with oneof the plurality of word lines, wherein the reference bit line iscoupled to each sense amplifier of the plurality of sense amplifiers. 5.The integrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the reference cell isprogrammed to a resistance value that is a weighted average of a firstresistance value indicative of a logic “0” state and a second resistancevalue indicative of a logic “1” state.
 6. The integrated circuit ofclaim 2, wherein the reference cell is programmed to a resistance valueother than a first resistance value indicative of a logic “0” state, asecond resistance value indicative of a logic “1” state, or other than amidpoint resistance value that is approximately mid-way between thefirst resistance value and the second resistance value.
 7. Theintegrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the reference cell has astructure of a memory element programmed to an intermediate resistance.8. The integrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the plurality of memoryelements comprise: phase change memory elements, conductive bridgememory elements, filamentary memory elements, MEMRISTOR memory elements,memristive memory elements, memory elements utilizing mobile metal ionmotion to change resistive states, or a tunneling layer that iselectrically in series with or is in contact with an ion reservoir. 9.The integrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the reference cell comprisesa phase change memory element, a conductive bridge memory element, afilamentary memory element, a MEMRISTOR memory element, a memristivememory element, a memory element utilizing mobile metal ion motion tochange resistive states, or a tunneling layer that is electrically inseries with or is in contact with an ion reservoir.
 10. An integratedcircuit, comprising: a plurality of bit lines; a plurality of wordlines; a plurality of re-writeable non-volatile resistive state memoryelements; a plurality of reference cells, each reference cell comprisinga first terminal electrically coupled with a reference bit line and asecond terminal electrically coupled with one of the plurality of wordlines; and sensing circuitry coupled to the plurality of bit lines andthe reference bit line, the sensing circuitry to sense a voltage changeof a bit line of the plurality of bit lines using a sense amplifier,wherein the sense amplifier is coupled to the reference bit line and thebit line of the plurality of bit lines.
 11. The integrated circuit ofclaim 10, wherein the sensing circuitry is further to output read dataindicative of the current on the bit line of the plurality of bit lines,responsive to sensing the voltage change of the bit line of theplurality of bit lines.
 12. The integrated circuit of claim 10, furthercomprising word line circuitry to apply a first voltage to one of theplurality of word lines and to apply a second voltage to a remainder ofthe plurality of word lines, wherein the word line having the firstvoltage applied to it is the selected word line and the word lineshaving the second voltage applied to them are un-selected word lines.13. The integrated circuity of the claim 10, wherein the sensingcircuitry comprises a plurality of sense amplifiers and the plurality ofreference cells are electrically coupled to each sense amplifier of theplurality of sense amplifiers.
 14. The integrated circuit of claim 10,wherein the plurality of reference cells are programmed to a resistancevalue that is a weighted average of a first resistance value indicativeof a logic “0” state and a second resistance value indicative of a logic“1” state.
 15. The integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the pluralityof reference cells are programmed to a resistance value other than afirst resistance value indicative of a logic “0” state, a secondresistance value indicative of a logic “1” state, or other than amidpoint resistance value that is approximately mid-way between thefirst resistance value and the second resistance value.
 16. Theintegrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the plurality of reference cellshave a structure of a memory element programmed to an intermediateresistance.
 17. The integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein theplurality of reference cells: phase change memory elements, conductivebridge memory elements, filamentary memory elements, MEMRISTOR memoryelements, memristive memory elements, memory elements utilizing mobilemetal ion motion to change resistive states, or a tunneling layer thatis electrically in series with or is in contact with an ion reservoir.18. A method comprising: applying a first voltage to a reference cellcomprising a first terminal electrically coupled with a reference bitline and a second terminal electrically coupled with a selected wordline; sensing, with sensing circuitry, a voltage change of a bit line ofa plurality of bit lines using a sense amplifier, wherein the senseamplifier is coupled to the reference bit line and the bit line of theplurality of bit lines; and outputting read data indicative of thecurrent on the bit line of the plurality of bit lines, responsive tosensing the voltage change of the bit line of the plurality of bitlines.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising applying, withword line circuitry a first voltage to one of the plurality of wordlines and to apply a second voltage to a remainder of the plurality ofword lines, wherein the word line having the first voltage applied to itis a selected word line and the word lines having the second voltageapplied to them are un-selected word lines.
 20. The method of claim 18,wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a plurality of sense amplifiersand the reference cell is electrically coupled to each sense amplifierof the plurality of sense amplifiers.
 21. The method of claim 18,wherein the reference cell is programmed to a resistance value otherthan a first resistance value indicative of a logic “0” state, a secondresistance value indicative of a logic “1” state, or other than amidpoint resistance value that is approximately mid-way between thefirst resistance value and the second resistance value.